受鋼(gang)(gang)鐵行業(ye)產能(neng)嚴(yan)重過剩、產品同質化競(jing)爭加劇，鋼(gang)(gang)鐵企(qi)業(ye)不斷虧損，再加上資(zi)源、環(huan)保和資(zi)金等多方(fang)面壓(ya)力的影響，中(zhong)國鋼(gang)(gang)鐵企(qi)業(ye)已步入“寒(han)冬(dong)”。鋼(gang)(gang)鐵企(qi)業(ye)如何擺脫虧損，走出困境，值得業(ye)界(jie)人士(shi)深思(si)。筆者認為：未來(lai)鋼(gang)(gang)材深加工(gong)有巨(ju)大潛力可(ke)挖，大有作(zuo)為。

鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)企業(ye)(ye)通(tong)過(guo)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)深加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)現產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)延伸(shen)，大(da)幅增加(jia)(jia)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)附(fu)加(jia)(jia)值，從(cong)而提高(gao)(gao)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)市場占有率和利潤率，這已(yi)得(de)到(dao)業(ye)(ye)界認同。早在(zai)(zai)2005年《鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展政策》中(zhong)(zhong)就提到(dao)，把(ba)“提高(gao)(gao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)(pei)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)能力，延伸(shen)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)企業(ye)(ye)服務”作為(wei)行業(ye)(ye)結構調(diao)整的(de)(de)重(zhong)要內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)。近(jin)幾年，加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)(pei)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)更是加(jia)(jia)快發(fa)展步(bu)伐(fa)，國(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)諸多大(da)型(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)廠與流通(tong)商、外資企業(ye)(ye)、下游行業(ye)(ye)都紛(fen)紛(fen)搶先布局鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)(pei)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)。以(yi)寶鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)為(wei)例，其在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)范(fan)圍內(nei)(nei)(nei)已(yi)建(jian)成50家鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)(pei)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin),加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)規模達700萬t/a，預計到(dao)2018年，寶鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)(pei)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)將增至60家。目前，國(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)其他大(da)型(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)企業(ye)(ye)如鞍鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)、武鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)正加(jia)(jia)緊完善他們(men)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)(pei)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)服務網絡(luo)，致(zhi)力于從(cong)整體上、在(zai)(zai)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)延伸(shen)上發(fa)力，提高(gao)(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)市場競爭力。隨著國(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)企業(ye)(ye)紛(fen)紛(fen)建(jian)設鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)材(cai)(cai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)(pei)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)，再加(jia)(jia)上國(guo)外大(da)型(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵(tie)企業(ye)(ye)不(bu)斷到(dao)國(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)布局，導致(zhi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)配(pei)(pei)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)遍地(di)開花，競爭不(bu)斷加(jia)(jia)劇(ju)，從(cong)而也產(chan)(chan)(chan)生諸多問題(ti)：

1）局部地區(qu)加(jia)工(gong)能(neng)力(li)過剩(sheng)(sheng)問題。數據顯(xian)示，我國(guo)一般鋼(gang)材(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)深(shen)加(jia)工(gong)比(bi)重僅為10%-15%左右，而世界發達(da)國(guo)家(jia)鋼(gang)材(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)綜合深(shen)加(jia)工(gong)比(bi)可達(da)50%以上(shang)。按此預測，我國(guo)鋼(gang)材(cai)(cai)(cai)加(jia)工(gong)配送(song)(song)的(de)(de)市(shi)場非常廣闊(kuo)，但是由于目前我國(guo)鋼(gang)材(cai)(cai)(cai)加(jia)工(gong)配送(song)(song)模式(shi)正(zheng)處于多種形式(shi)并存發展的(de)(de)階段，近兩年快速形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)配送(song)(song)能(neng)力(li)與終(zhong)端(duan)客戶自(zi)有能(neng)力(li)形成(cheng)(cheng)矛盾(dun)，致(zhi)使(shi)局部區(qu)域市(shi)場的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)能(neng)力(li)過剩(sheng)(sheng)，新建(jian)加(jia)工(gong)配送(song)(song)中心運行效率低下問題較(jiao)為突出(chu)。

2）項目建設(she)與系統(tong)管(guan)理(li)問題(ti)。加(jia)工(gong)配(pei)送(song)是現(xian)代(dai)物(wu)流體系的重要(yao)組成部(bu)分(fen)，一(yi)個加(jia)工(gong)配(pei)送(song)中(zhong)心(xin)的高效運行，不僅需要(yao)先進可靠的硬件(jian)(jian)設(she)備做基礎，同(tong)時(shi)應具有適應現(xian)代(dai)物(wu)流配(pei)送(song)的經營理(li)念、現(xian)代(dai)信息(xi)化手(shou)段、穩固的供需關系和高素(su)(su)質(zhi)的物(wu)流管(guan)理(li)人才。目前的加(jia)工(gong)配(pei)送(song)中(zhong)心(xin)建設(she)，除部(bu)分(fen)大型鋼廠和外資(zi)(zi)企業外，普遍(bian)存在重視加(jia)工(gong)設(she)備的投資(zi)(zi)建設(she)，輕視軟件(jian)(jian)系統(tong)管(guan)理(li)建設(she)問題(ti)，尤其是缺(que)乏(fa)高素(su)(su)質(zhi)人才隊伍(wu)的建設(she)。

3）找(zhao)準(zhun)(zhun)市場定位生存(cun)(cun)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)問(wen)題。經過幾年的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，目(mu)前國(guo)內板材加(jia)(jia)工(gong)配(pei)送(song)中心的(de)現狀，不僅是各(ge)種投(tou)資主體的(de)設備較(jiao)多，局(ju)部地區能(neng)(neng)力過剩，同時具有(you)較(jiao)強實力的(de)鋼廠和外資企業已經具備各(ge)自較(jiao)為完善的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)配(pei)送(song)能(neng)(neng)力和戰略布局(ju)，其他新(xin)建項目(mu)在投(tou)產初期將面臨激烈的(de)市場競爭。因此，在確定新(xin)建項目(mu)建設時，必須先找(zhao)準(zhun)(zhun)自己的(de)市場定位，在激烈的(de)競爭環境中尋找(zhao)自己，否則難以生存(cun)(cun)和發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。

4）產業型(xing)深加(jia)工發(fa)展(zhan)較快，目(mu)前仍處于(yu)(yu)依附性(xing)發(fa)展(zhan)階(jie)段，再加(jia)上深加(jia)工技術(shu)(shu)的(de)多樣化特點，難以集中資金(jin)和(he)技術(shu)(shu)力量進行重大(da)的(de)基(ji)礎性(xing)和(he)共(gong)性(xing)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)創新(xin)性(xing)研發(fa)，不利(li)于(yu)(yu)實現產品與技術(shu)(shu)的(de)升(sheng)級(ji)換代(dai)。

延(yan)伸(shen)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)鏈已(yi)得(de)(de)到(dao)國(guo)內各大(da)鋼(gang)鐵企(qi)業(ye)重(zhong)視，而(er)如何實現與用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)需求的無縫對接，單純延(yan)伸(shen)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)鏈還遠遠不(bu)夠，首先必須做(zuo)強、做(zuo)深、做(zuo)足鋼(gang)材(cai)加(jia)工配送業(ye)務。在(zai)國(guo)內高端汽車(che)板(ban)領域，寶(bao)(bao)鋼(gang)做(zuo)得(de)(de)最(zui)為(wei)突出，值得(de)(de)國(guo)內其(qi)他汽車(che)板(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)業(ye)研(yan)究與學習。寶(bao)(bao)鋼(gang)汽車(che)板(ban)的營銷都是通過加(jia)工配送中心直(zhi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)。這意味著鋼(gang)廠(chang)直(zhi)接面對用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)，有利于(yu)了解產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)最(zui)終(zhong)流(liu)向(xiang)，迅速掌握用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)需求變化，從而(er)能(neng)及(ji)時調(diao)整經營策略，不(bu)斷(duan)改(gai)進產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)提(ti)(ti)高銷售服務水(shui)(shui)平。為(wei)了提(ti)(ti)高對直(zhi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的服務水(shui)(shui)平，銷售部(bu)門(men)會同生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、技術部(bu)門(men)一道，定期走訪直(zhi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)，了解直(zhi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)意見要(yao)(yao)求，并及(ji)時加(jia)以改(gai)進。同時針對每家重(zhong)點(dian)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)不(bu)同的質量(liang)(liang)要(yao)(yao)求，建(jian)(jian)立重(zhong)點(dian)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)檔案，按“標準(zhun)+a”質量(liang)(liang)標準(zhun)組織(zhi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)貨(huo)。而(er)且(qie)(qie)，寶(bao)(bao)鋼(gang)采用(yong)(yong)先期介入模(mo)式，提(ti)(ti)前(qian)介入汽車(che)廠(chang)商(shang)的新(xin)車(che)型(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)計、模(mo)具(ju)設(she)(she)計與開(kai)發(fa)以及(ji)車(che)型(xing)(xing)投產(chan)(chan)(chan)，極(ji)大(da)地縮短了新(xin)車(che)型(xing)(xing)的研(yan)發(fa)和(he)(he)投產(chan)(chan)(chan)周期，最(zui)終(zhong)得(de)(de)到(dao)了用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的認可和(he)(he)支持。為(wei)方便用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)需求，寶(bao)(bao)鋼(gang)2009年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)力達(da)150萬(wan)件的熱成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)，2010年(nian)(nian)初建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)力達(da)58萬(wan)件的液壓(ya)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)。寶(bao)(bao)鋼(gang)在(zai)國(guo)內形(xing)成(cheng)從鋼(gang)材(cai)——焊管——液壓(ya)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)制品(pin)——相關系統總成(cheng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)。截至(zhi)2013年(nian)(nian)初，寶(bao)(bao)鋼(gang)已(yi)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)24條激(ji)光拼焊線(xian)(xian)，設(she)(she)計產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)2400萬(wan)片。而(er)且(qie)(qie)，2013年(nian)(nian)下半(ban)年(nian)(nian)，寶(bao)(bao)鋼(gang)投產(chan)(chan)(chan)一條輥壓(ya)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)為(wei)150萬(wan)件/年(nian)(nian)。正是由于(yu)寶(bao)(bao)鋼(gang)擁有激(ji)光拼焊板(ban)、激(ji)光焊管、液壓(ya)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)、熱沖壓(ya)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)等這些先進的成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)備(bei)，所以其(qi)具(ju)備(bei)零件協同設(she)(she)計、工藝模(mo)具(ju)開(kai)發(fa)、樣件試制和(he)(he)批(pi)量(liang)(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)貨(huo)的能(neng)力。可見寶(bao)(bao)鋼(gang)在(zai)鋼(gang)材(cai)加(jia)工配送業(ye)務上做(zuo)得(de)(de)夠足、夠強！

其次，伴隨深加工的不斷發展，鋼鐵企業的技術鏈也應該相應地從鋼材生產延伸到鋼材的深加工領域。特別是先進鋼鐵產品的研究與開發也應該與深加工技術同步發展。例如，圍繞汽車輕量化、安全的行業發展趨勢，寶鋼進一步加快關鍵技術攻關，關注產品研究與應用技術研究。近兩年，寶鋼自主研發第三代先進高強鋼QP980MPa級淬火延性鋼。該鋼屬于第三代高強鋼中有代表性的鋼種，強度高、韌性好，同時具備良好的力學性能和使用性能，能有效改善汽車用戶的沖壓成形問題，提升汽車零部件的可制造性。而且，在先進成形制造技術上，寶鋼通過建立高強鋼穩定成(cheng)(cheng)形控制(zhi)模型，掌握液壓、熱沖壓成(cheng)(cheng)形模具核心設計(ji)技(ji)術(shu)，有效(xiao)提升了(le)汽(qi)(qi)車零件(jian)設計(ji)與開發能力(li)，縮(suo)短(duan)了(le)開發周期，幫助用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)解決(jue)了(le)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控制(zhi)問題。寶鋼(gang)還建立了(le)以目(mu)標成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)為(wei)導向(xiang)的先期介入模式，為(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)提供一攬子技(ji)術(shu)解決(jue)方(fang)案。以目(mu)標成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)為(wei)導向(xiang)的先期介入工作，在(zai)保證汽(qi)(qi)車用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)各(ge)項性能指標要求的同(tong)時，優化(hua)、降低(di)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，體現(xian)了(le)鋼(gang)鐵企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)從產品質量到用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)技(ji)術(shu)研究的綜合能力(li)，有助于(yu)推(tui)進(jin)材(cai)料(liao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)與汽(qi)(qi)車行業(ye)(ye)的技(ji)術(shu)銜接。這反映出鋼(gang)鐵企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)技(ji)術(shu)鏈與產業(ye)(ye)鏈同(tong)步延伸已成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)一種(zhong)發展趨勢。

與(yu)先進(jin)國(guo)家相比，我(wo)國(guo)鋼材深(shen)加工發(fa)展潛力(li)巨大。今后，國(guo)內(nei)鋼鐵企業在延伸產(chan)業鏈的同時，更(geng)應(ying)關注(zhu)技(ji)術鏈的延伸，增強自身綜合(he)競爭(zheng)實力(li)，促進(jin)我(wo)國(guo)鋼鐵行業長期(qi)健(jian)康發(fa)展。